Leaves, adapted from Woody Plants of the Blue Ridge by Ron Lance. Used by permission.

Basic morphology:
A simple leaf consists of a blade, joined to the woody twig by a stalk, the petiole. The area of twig where the petiole arises is called the node; usually a bud is also found there. Sometimes the petiole is very short or lacking; then the leaf is sessile.
In some monocots, a basal sheath replaces the petiole, and partially envelopes the stem.
Stipules are leaf-like modifications of leaf bases, on petioles or twigs of some plants.

Venation:
The midrib is the largest, central vein, becoming the petiole below the blade. Main veins branch from the midrib into a successively smaller network.
Pinnate venation shows all main veins branching from along midrib.
Palmate venation shows several main veins branching from a common point of midrib at base of blade.
Arcuate venation is essentially pinnate, but main veins curve to follow margin of blade.
Parallel (in many monocots) shows many straight veins side by side from base to tip.

Texture:
Leaf surfaces can be smooth and hairless (glabrous), or “hairy” in some way. See discussion on general features. Additionally, leaf surfaces can be lustrous or glossy (shiny), dull (green but not shiny), or glaucous (pale or whitened). Coriaceous leaves are thick, stiff, or leathery.

If they persist beyond Autumn and Winter seasons and fall after new leaves emerge in Spring they are evergreen. Deciduous leaves fall before or during the Autumn season. Some leaves may be tardily deciduous (semi-evergreen); these fall gradually during Winter, or only after sufficiently cold weather.

Leaf types:
Simple leaves have one blade.
Compound leaves have divided blades, each blade-like portion called a leaflet. Types of compound leaves are:

Pinnate. Leaflets attached along a central stem, the rachis. The lower portion of the rachis, below lowermost Ieaflets, is the petiole.
Palmate. Leaflets originate at terminal end of petiole.
Trifoliate. Three leaflets.
Bipinnate. Twice pinnately divided; each side rachis and its Ieaflets are pinnae.

Leaf arrangement:
Alternate leaves are single per node.
Opposite leaves occur in pairs at nodes.
Whorled leaves are 3 or more per node.
Watch for clustered leaves on short spur shoots; usually these are alternately arranged, but bunched very close on such slow-growing twigs. Look for more actively growing twigs on the same plant for true and more distinct arrangement.