Spermatophytes (seed plants): Angiosperms (flowering plants): Eudicots: Core Eudicots: Asterids: Lamiids: Lamiales
WEAKLEY'S FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN US (4/24/22):
Linaria canadensis
FAMILY
Plantaginaceae
Go to FSUS key
Dig deeper at SERNEC, a consortium of southeastern herbaria.
Many a fallow field in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain glows light blue with thousands upon thousands of individuals of this species. Read more at Vascular Plants of North Carolina.
The fruits of the Scrophulariaceae are usually 2-valved capsules, and there are many tiny seeds. See closeup photographs of dehisced and undehisced capsules of Linaria canadensis at Digital Flowers from the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign
SYNONYMOUS WITH
PLANTS NATIONAL DATABASE:
Nuttallanthus canadensis
FAMILY
Scrophulariaceae
SYNONYMOUS WITH Floristic Synthesis of North America. BONAP (Kartesz, 2021)
Linaria canadensis
SYNONYMOUS WITH Flora of North America
Nuttallanthus canadensis
SYNONYMOUS WITH Synthesis of the North American Flora (Kartesz, 1999)
Nuttallanthus canadensis
INCLUDED WITHIN VASCULAR FLORA OF THE CAROLINAS (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968) 166-16-001:
Linaria canadensis FAMILY Scrophulariaceae
SYNONYMOUS WITH Manual of the Southeastern Flora (Small, 1933, 1938)
Linaria canadensis var. canadensis
COMMON NAME:
Oldfield Toadflax, Common Toadflax, Canada Toadflax
To see larger pictures, click or hover over the thumbnails.
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USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913 pnd_lica6_001_lvd
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JK Marlow jkm080301_022b
March Charleston County SC
Santee Coastal Reserve
Erect stem leaves alternate & scattered, linear, 5-20mm long, 2-3mm wide, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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JK Marlow jkm080301_024b
March Charleston County SC
Santee Coastal Reserve
Spreading stems' leaves opposite or whorled, linear, 3-12mm long, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Gill Newberry gn04_l_canadensis_clump
April
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Gill Newberry gn04_l_canadensis_nuttall
April
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Gill Newberry gn04_linaria_canadensis
April
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JK Marlow jkm0504b_11
April Greenville County SC
Field
Leaves hairless, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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JK Marlow jkm070428_002
April Greenville County SC
Field
Flowers crowded at the end and around a long stalk (raceme), per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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JK Marlow jkm200422_4036
April Greenville County SC
Tall Pines Wildlife Management Area
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Roxanna Martin rlm41911_77
April Spartanburg County SC
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Roxanna Martin rlm4211_202
April Spartanburg County SC
A white form
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Roxanna Martin rlm4211_210
April Spartanburg County SC
A conspicuous spur points down from the corolla, per Guide to the Wildflowers of SC (Porcher & Rayner, 2001).
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Roxanna Martin rlm4211_213
April Spartanburg County SC
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Roxanna Martin rlm4211_221
April Spartanburg County SC
Curved elongated spur projects downward through calyx; 5 lanceolate sepals, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Roxanna Martin rlm4211_84
April Spartanburg County SC
Lower lip has a double-humped white palate & much exceeds the upper lip, per Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005).
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Roxanna Martin rlm4211_85
April Spartanburg County SC
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JK Marlow s000416_b
April Greenville County SC
Roadside
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JK Marlow jkm200516_4857
May Pickens County SC
Capsule subglobose, 2-3mm in diameter, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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JK Marlow jkm220607_8331
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
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JK Marlow jkm220607_8333
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
Fertile stems simple, rarely distally branched, per Flora of North America.
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JK Marlow jkm220607_8334
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
)
JK Marlow jkm220612_8538
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
Seeds black or gray, 0.3-0.5mm, edges sharp, faces obscurely tuberculate, per Flora of North America.
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JK Marlow jkm220612_8542
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
)
JK Marlow jkm220612_8544
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
Pedicels erect, 1.8-5.5mm in fruit, sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous, per Flora of North America.
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JK Marlow jkm220612_8546
June Greenville County SC
Bald Rock Heritage Preserve
WEAKLEY'S FLORA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN US (4/24/22):
Linaria canadensis
FAMILY
Plantaginaceae
SYNONYMOUS WITH
PLANTS NATIONAL DATABASE:
Nuttallanthus canadensis
FAMILY
Scrophulariaceae
SYNONYMOUS WITH
Floristic Synthesis of North America. BONAP (Kartesz, 2021)
Linaria canadensis
SYNONYMOUS WITH
Flora of North America
Nuttallanthus canadensis
SYNONYMOUS WITH
Synthesis of the North American Flora (Kartesz, 1999)
Nuttallanthus canadensis
INCLUDED WITHIN
VASCULAR FLORA OF THE CAROLINAS (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968) 166-16-001:
Linaria canadensis
FAMILY
Scrophulariaceae
SYNONYMOUS WITH
Manual of the Southeastern Flora (Small, 1933, 1938)
Linaria canadensis var. canadensis
841
Forb
Winter annual/Biennial
Habitat: In a wide variety of natural and disturbed habitats, especially common and weedy in disturbed sites such as roadsides and fields, also common and apparently native in thin soil of rock outcrops, per Weakley's Flora
Native to the Carolinas & Georgia
Common (rare in NC Mountains)
Click here to see a map, notes, and images from Weakley's Flora of the Southeastern US.
Click here to see a map showing all occurrences known to SERNEC, a consortium of southeastern herbaria. (Zoom in to see more detail.)
LEAVES:
Simple
Lvs of erect stems alternate, lvs of prostrate stems opposite (rarely whorled)
FLOWER:
Spring/Summer
Blue/Purple
Bisexual
Bilaterally symmetrical
5-parted calyx
2-lipped corolla
4 included stamens (2 long, 2 short)
Superior ovary
Inflorescence a raceme
FRUIT:
Spring/Summer/Fall
Capsule
TO LEARN MORE about this plant, look it up in a good book!
- Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005) p132
- Guide to the Wildflowers of SC (Porcher & Rayner, 2001) p369
- Newcomb's Wildflower Guide (Newcomb, 1977) p050
- Guide to the Plants of Granite Outcrops (Murdy & Carter, 2000) p13
- Wildflowers of the Atlantic Southeast (Cotterman, Waitt, & Weakley, 2019) p399
- Wildflowers of the Carolina Lowcountry (Porcher, 1995) p196
- Wildflowers of the Eastern United States (Duncan & Duncan, 1999) P086
- Wild Flowers of NC, 2nd edition (Justice, Bell, & Lindsey, 2005) p226
- Field Guide to the Wildflowers of Georgia (Chafin, 2016) p331
- Wildflowers of Tennessee (Carman, 2005) p241
- Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005) p285
- Wildflowers of the Southern Mountains (Smith, 1998) p157
- Wildflowers of the Sandhills Region (Sorrie, 2011) p338
- Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses (Murphy et al., 1992) p185